Housekeeping
I am traveling to the ICAPE conference in Amherst through Sunday, so I won’t have much, if any time, to post until early next week. Meanwhile enjoy the weekend and watch that Euro crisis. Let’s hope things don’t go too far awry.
Peter Radford / Uncategorized /
I am traveling to the ICAPE conference in Amherst through Sunday, so I won’t have much, if any time, to post until early next week. Meanwhile enjoy the weekend and watch that Euro crisis. Let’s hope things don’t go too far awry.
Peter Radford / Economics / banking, California, creditors, Euro, Greece, interest rates, Italy /
By now you know the news: Italian bond prices have climbed to levels only recently reserved for the likes of Ireland, Portugal, and Greece. A catastrophe is on the horizon.
We need not dwell on the details because the situation is too fluid. The Italians have postponed remedial action for way too long, and the supposedly solid core nations – particularly the Germans – are steadfastly refusing to take the necessary steps to avoid disaster.
In my opinion the only viable solution is a combination of aggressive expansion and growth oriented policies in Germany and the other “corer” nations; a much weaker Euro; and simultaneous austerity and competitive adjustment in the so-called peripheral nations like Portugal and now Italy. Any other option – and there are a few being kicked around – are temporary and will lead to an inevitable break up of the single currency. At present I am not sure the Euro will survive anyway.
The Italians, like the other peripheral nations have plunged into a fundamentally unsound uncompetitive relationship with the core nations, especially Germany. This is untenable. Under non-Euro circumstances the remedy is clear: a devaluation of the domestic currency, possibly an arranged default, and subsequent growth. Within the strictures of a single currency a devaluation is not possible, so the adjustment comes in the form of an enforced deflation – or internal rather than external devaluation – which is both pronounced and pernicious. A nasty recession lasting years is almost inevitable within any country taking such action.
Italian growth is simply too low, and interest rates now too high, for its debt to be reduced through “normal” policies. We have entered crisis and urgent response territory.
Some of you have asked why the situation in California has not precipitated a similar default circumstance here. California after all has managed its way to a fiscal ruin very similar to Italy’s. The reason is simple: California falls under centralized federal fiscal policy, which can thus mask the shock. Plus cross border flows of jobs, workers, etc are more easily accomplished in the US. So California’s adjustment, while it is going on, is just one part of a more integrated whole, whereas those of the likes of Greece or Italy are much less smooth because there is no single fiscal policy umbrella, and those other movements are more difficult. So the tensions build up more dramatically in the case of the Euro Zone than they ever do here.
If the Euro Zone cannot find a way to manage this next round of crisis it will implode. The reverberation from a collapse would have nasty knock on effects for global trade and US banking. It may well push us into a recession.
So pay attention. And let’s all hope the Europeans change their ways and act decisively for a change
Peter Radford / Commentary, Economics /
This is a once in a lifetime moment. Fortunately. None of us want to live through a repeat of the turmoil currently roiling the world economy. With that portentous statement out of the way, let’s consider the chaos around us.
Last Friday we read a breathless article in the New York Times pointing out that US poverty levels are not as bad as the official statistics indicate. The entire thrust of the article was an attempt to be upbeat. Heaven knows we all need it after the battering of the last three years. The article, unfortunately, made a very bad point. In fact it missed the point altogether.
You see, the government publishes its poverty statistics unadjusted for all the programs designed to lift people out of poverty. So its measure is raw. Think of it as a gross calculation. The NYT was telling us about a study that then adjusted this gross figure by taking into account the government’s efforts to ameliorate poverty. Surprise! When we include those anti-poverty programs poverty drops.
Now I don’t want to be mean, but, what pray tell are we to make of the fact that the number of people living below the poverty line is less when an attempt has been made to help them, than when no such attempt has been made? Nothing. It is meaningless information. Or, rather, it helps us understand just how bad things must be that even with all those government programs we still have people below the poverty line.
So I see the new report as being bad, not good, news. Yes our programs help a lot of folks. And, no they are not enough. We can, and should do better.
In any case focusing on poverty amelioration in this way misses the point: we are supposed to be lifting people out of poverty without having to resort to special programs. We are supposed to be constructing a fair and sustainable economy.
Or at least that’s what I think. Silly idealistic me.
Then there’s the ongoing farce in Europe.
The banks must be sitting on the edge of their seats. No one knows, reliably at any rate, just what damage will emerge from the Euro mess. All we can say is that a few banks we currently know and love will not survive the storm. The regulators and shareholders must be squirming. I have little sympathy. We went through the first shock from this crisis years ago. Since then the banks have stoutly and successfully resisted attempts to make them more transparent in their accounting for those evil and murky derivatives.
And it is the derivatives that will cause the biggest shocks.
The point being that the total lack of control that the banks have over their desire to book so-called risk mitigating paper which actually magnifies rather than mitigates. This perverse outcome is the result of the incessant passing along of paper throughout the industry. One bank “insures” another; the second then insures a third; and before you know it the third then passes the original risk back to the first. All three believe themselves insured. None of them are. The paper trail simply ties them all together in a high stakes game: when the music stops they have to work like fury to avoid being the fool holding the bag.
So a Greek default, amongst all the terrible things it may do, were it disorderly, could emit shock waves that rock our economy.
Then there’s the Italian problem. If we all thought the Greeks were a major issue, then the Italians could provide the end of everything as we know it.
Italy is the world’s third largest issuer of sovereign debt. It also has a woefully uncompetitive economy – at least right now. Like the other problem Euro nations it has fallen so far out of step with the German economy that an adjustment now will be both difficult and, potentially, disruptive. Toss in the usual opaque nature of Italian politics, its steadily rising cost of debt, and the stubborn nature of its leadership ,and nasty things could be about to happen. The particularly sad part about all this is that the Italians had managed their debt fairly well until the credit markets started to target them. Then again we could say the same for the Spanish and Irish: their debt problems all stem from private sector stupidity and their steady decline in competitiveness since about 2000. It was not bad government debt management or budget laxity that created the crisis, it was dumb banking and private sector debt accumulation. So it is perverse that the markets all now focus on the creditworthiness of sovereign debt. It is even more perverse to listen to bankers and rating agencies opine sagely on the rotten management of various national budgets, when they were the original vector through which the epidemic stormed.
Finally, as if we needed more, we are fast approaching doomsday on the US budget negotiations. As you know there is a super secret and totally undemocratic committee studying ways to reduce the US federal budget. This committee consists of twelve members of Congress, six from each party. They have a target of $1.2 trillion in budget cuts to be spread over the next decade. If they fail to come up with a program to reach that goal by November 23rd a series of automatic cuts come into play slashing away at the budget across the board.
The odds of an agreement coming from this group is close to zero. Although we hear constant rumblings of side deals and temporary fixes. The problem – no prizes for guessing the answer on this – stems from Republican intransigence. Oh what a shock. The GOP has refused to countenance any tax increase as part of the deal. Not a single dollar of an increase. In their view the entire burden of reduction must come from spending. But not offense defense spending. They are adamantly opposed to any cuts in our bloated offense defense budget. This presents them with a major quandary: the automatic cuts that will come into being if no agreement emerges from the secret committee includes a major cut in that hallowed offense defense budget.
The idea of this draconian measure was to force the Republicans into being a tad more flexible over taxes.
So far it hasn’t worked. Such is their attachment to low taxes for high income taxpayers that the GOP is actually contemplating allowing the automatic cuts to kick in. This is terrifying their own hawks. They imagine all sorts of terrible things happening if we cut so much as a dime from our offense defense budget. Imagine the fits that they are all throwing at the prospect of the 10% cut in offense defense spending in 2013 alone that the automatic cuts imply. Yes 10%. Followed by a further 10% over the next nine years. That’s a lot of plum jobs lost in a lot of Republican leaning Congressional districts.
Oh the dilemma.
In a sensible world – by which I mean one not infested with ideological sharks – the secret committee would be able to conjure up enough cuts mixed with tax increases to hit the target. We could allow the Bush tax increases to come into effect for the wealthiest taxpayers. We could impose a surcharge on higher incomes. There are all sorts of things we could do, most of which the voters tell pollsters they would accept, but which we cannot do because the Republicans have backed themselves, and thus all of us, into a corner. So, at present anyway, this entire budget cutting effort, which was forced on us unnecessarily in the aftermath of the budget ceiling epic, looks as if it will fail. America has rarely, if ever, sunk this low in its ability to mange itself.
Or maybe not.
Speaking of decline, I should note for the record: recent figures show that that the US is radically underspending on its infrastrucvture. No news there. But the comparison is telling: the Chinese spend four times as much as we do. The Europeans twice as much. They think about the future. We don’t. We just hope to muddle by.
This is personal to me.
I have been struggling with internet connection problems for the las month. You may have noticed that this site disappears now and agin. Apparently New York City is plagued with bandwidth issues. Our broadband providers are good at selling connections. They are awful at providing the service they sell. This is, of course, a minor thing in the grand scheme of things, but it is also emblematic of our national preferences. American companies sell well. They just don’t spend enough on building for the future. They rely on someone else spending the money necessary to keep the economy running. That inevitably means no one spends enough. Especially not taxpayers who all want to cut, not increase what they pay. Currently the US, home of all those constantly bragging Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, ranks 29th out of 34 in providing broadband internet to its population. Add this to the depressing list of tables the US has slipped down drastically over the past three decades and it is becoming hard to identify anything we lead in any more. We rank right down there with well known internet havens and centers of innovation such as Turkey. Not to knock Turkey though. They are moving up. We are making every effort to move down.
Other than in bombast, self-pity, political farce, and offense spending.
The clouds are truly gathering.
Peter Radford / Economics / jobs, unemployment /
There is not much to say about today’s unemployment and jobs reports. In way the data contains slightly contradictory stories. This is because there are two sources for the information we lump together in the report: the survey of business and the survey of households. The two sometimes diverge in their narrative. Perhaps now is one of those moments.
First the business survey.
This is the one that gets the headlines because it tells us how many jobs have been added. We learned today that the economy added 80,000 new jobs in October. That’s not very good, since it lags the inflow of people into the potential workforce and so should, I emphasize should, therefore cause the unemployment rate to rise. Before we get to that, let me report that the slightly better news embedded in the data is that we added more jobs in both August and September than originally thought – to the tune of 102,000 more.
This is nothing to get too excited over, and stays well within the bounds of an outlook of mediocre growth in the range of 2.0% to 2.5%. These kinds of monthly additions simply tell us we are not contracting nor are we growing at a sufficient rate to chip away at unemployment. The malaise continues.
But.
The household survey tells us a different story.
Contrary to what I just suggested, the unemployment rate, which is calculated from the household survey not the business survey, fell from 9.1% to 9.0%. This apparently perverse result is a direct result of using different sources in the calculation. The number of people reporting that they are employed has risen much more steeply in the household survey – for instance it rose by 277,000 in October, which is radically different from the 80,000 of the business survey. Not only this but the number of discouraged workers, part time workers, and other measures of weakness in outlook for jobs, all fell significantly. This is a trend that developed over the summer, and so we now have a strong divergence in the message being sent by the two surveys.
What do we make of this?
I think it is too early to tell. The business survey is much more inclusive and has been much more reliable through time. So the sluggish story has more credibility, and should affect our thinking more decisively. But the more upbeat message coming through the household survey is hard to ignore, especially now that it has been consistent for a few months.
Eventually the two surveys should converge again. This current divergence is not unusual at inflection points in the economy’s trajectory, so it may be that we have arrived a critical moment. If so we ought to detect a shift in spending and confidence over the next few months. That we have not seen such a shift suggests to me that the household survey is simply filled with noise that masks a more downbeat story. After all the sample size, while very large for such a survey, is still narrow enough that the results need to be handled with care.
Over all, as you can imagine, I err towards reliance on the business survey as the better guide as we try to predict the employment outlook. Job generation is still a sputter rather than a roar. But we would be wise to keep an eye on the household data, lest we miss a key moment in our change of fortune.
My forecast stays the same: sideways motion is the most likely outlook. Let’s hope I am wrong.
Peter Radford / Economics / corporate profits, deregulation, regulation, taxes /
There is an alternative universe somewhere in which America’s biggest businesses actually pay taxes. I know, I know, I am being idealistic. Well some of them do, even here on earth – blessed be Monsanto! Last year anyway. But many don’t. Indeed many seem to be able to collect refunds of grotesque proportions.
Ask most anyone in Washington policy circles and you will be told that American companies face a major global disadvantage: our corporate tax rate is one of the highest around. This, supposedly, is a huge burden on the poor dears, and is just one more reason why these put-upon patriots are groaning rather than beaming. Listen to their apologists and you begin to wonder how they survive at all in this intense anti-business, hostile, and undeserving nation of big business haters. That no company worth its salt actually pays anything close to the tax rate is never mentioned in polite circles.
It is uncouth to mention reality when big business wants to make its case.
And I am realistic: this is an imperfect world, soany tax paid by big corporations is simply passed along to consumers ultimately, just as any cost of business is.
Nonetheless, if we have a corporate tax we ought to try to collect some corporate taxes. Our current effort is embarrassing in its ineffectiveness.
The Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy have just issued a joint report documenting just how far we are from even that minimal goal. According to their report, corporate taxes covered over 25% of federal expenditure during the first two post-war decades. Then big business started to attack through their lobbying efforts. They managed to buy off enough of our legislature that by the 1990’s that percentage had fallen to around 11%. Not content, they pressed on. So by 2010 corporate taxes covered a mere 6% of federal outlays.
That is an epic lobbying success story. Or corruption on a grand scale.
This is, of course, a byline in the long pro-business deregulatory narrative of the last three decades. At each step along the way big business bleated away complaining of its unfair burden. It coupled this with threats of imminent collapse, outsourcing, offshoring, and all sorts of dire threats. As true patriots these companies wanted – they told us – to continue to employ people here, but these taxes were breaking their backs. Our tax rate of 35% is simply the last straw. No wonder we are not competitive anymore. It was able to purchase protection and subsidy. It showed its gratitude by pouring cash into politicians pockets. By way of free speech naturally. Companies are people too, as Mitt Romney blurted out last month.
That none of this conforms with the facts should surprise no one who listens to either modern politics or economics. Most all of economic theory has nothing to do with actual economies and the facts found within them. And no element of reality stands between our policy makers and their craven efforts to pander to those who pay for their election.
A few facts from the report:
Clearly it pays to hire that army of lawyers and accountants: Federal Express scammed sufficiently to get its tax rate down to 0.9% averaged over the last three years. UPS, in the same business and a direct competitor, paid 24.1% If you are a UPS shareholder its time to join the line complaining.
The report is worth your while reading. It is an endless indictment of our tax code. It will make you annoyed, angry or outright murderous.
And it will have no impact.
This is because, as the report writers point out, the prevailing wisdom in Washington is that our top companies need help. If there was ever a more direct example of how corrupt American politics has become it is this. These companies are on the public dole, and yet they want more. Those corporate jets are getting a tad old after all. And those CEO’s all need shiny new cufflinks – and I include the new female CEO of IBM in that category after having checked out what she was wearing in her PR campaign after her recent promotion.
As I said: the realist in me knows that fixing the loopholes that create this mess will merely pass the higher taxes along to customers. None of these companies are known to swallow such costs in the name of competition. And most, as you will have noticed, are in heavily subsidized and protected industries. They are not typically under entrepreneurial cost or competitive pressure. They are used to twisting Washington around, and fleecing customers at the same time.
Ultimately knowing all this will simply annoy us rather than lead to change. For all the storm being kicked up about tax reform, we all know that big business will be able to buy enough votes to protect its turf. Reform will go nowhere other than to continue to shift the tax burden onto the little people who have no representation in Congress. Taxation without representation – now that’s a rallying cry worth using. I wish somebody had thought of that.
Perhaps we should save ourselves the trouble and just surrender to the plutocrats. Let’s abolish corporate taxes altogether. That way they can fire all those tax lawyers and accountants and make even more profit. After all they need more profits. It’s not like corporate profits are at a seventy year high or anything.
Oh. Wait. Yes they are.
Now that makes me even more upset.